Anyone who has ever had an elevated blood sugar level is at risk for foot complications. It may be as simple as knowing that once in your life, even during pregnancy, you have had an elevated blood sugar level. If so, you are at risk and must monitor your feet.
Diet-controlled diabetics, whether diagnosed as an adult or as a child, have feet at risk for diabetic complications. The simple rule: If you have ever been told that you are at risk of developing diabetes, you need to monitor your feet closely to prevent
complications.
Examine Your Feet Daily
It starts with daily foot checks: inspecting all sides, including
the bottoms, which can be done best with someone's help or with a mirror. If you notice any changes in the foot including changes in shape or color, loss of feeling/sensation, painful areas, or compromise of skin integrity, they need to be evaluated.
Any new bunions, calluses, or corns need to be identified and shown to a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon.
The overall foot shape could change due to a bone fracture. This would also need the attention of a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon. Stress fractures are very small breaks in the bone that usually will not change the shape of the foot, but may cause pain, bruising, or swelling. The color of the foot is important as it helps show any changes in blood flow to the foot. Darkening or loss of hair may indicate that the blood or nerve supply has decreased. Less blood to the foot can mean slower healing of cuts and scrapes.
Bruises indicate injuries. Especially important are the bruises or cuts found during a foot check that you were not aware of at the time of injury. Any bruises within calluses are particularly important to show to a physician.
To monitor sensation, a feather or facial tissue can be used to brush the foot and test its ability to feel light touch. It also is important to be sure the foot can sense the differences between hot and cold water. Shower water should be tested with the hand and then with the feet to identify any loss of temperature sensation.
Testing for any change in ability to feel with the feet is important because diabetics can hurt themselves and not be aware of the injury or its severity. By checking your feet daily, you can see any new wounds and monitor healing areas.
Your foot may not feel numb, but a progressive decrease in ability to feel light touch, temperature, or the presence of shoes indicates a foot at risk. The loss of vibrating and touch sensation is gradual and easy to ignore, but it is the single most important feature to identify with regard to avoiding amputation.
Wear Appropriate Shoes
Diabetics should wear more protective shoes,
not sandals, to prevent any injuries to the feet and toes. Another important and helpful preventative action that you can take is to wear custom diabetic shoe inserts. With a diagnosis of diabetes with peripheral neuropathy, your insurance will cover annual sets of custom diabetic shoe inserts that can help protect your feet from excess pressure and wounds. Ask your foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon about prescribing custom diabetic shoe inserts.
Any areas that are painful need to be examined very closely for any of the above-mentioned changes. Foot injuries that occur without the person's knowledge can be the first sign of diabetes, especially when accompanied with decreased sensation.
Wounds need to be monitored. When wounds take a long time to heal, the foot is at risk for infection, ulcers and further damage to tissue and bone. There are special bandaging techniques and ointments that can be used to help diabetic wounds heal and prevent permanent damage.
As with any chronic disease, history is important, both the patient's and his or her family's. Diabetics who have problems with any of the following need to consider themselves at risk: foot ulcers; toenail infections such as fungus; stress fractures or other single fractures of the foot; slow-healing wounds; bunions; and corns and thick calluses. In the family history, any amputations of toes, feet, or legs need to be shared with a physician. Other family members with known diabetes, suspected diabetes, or problems with the feet should be shared with a physician.
The bottom line is: take care of your feet, look at them daily, and see a medical doctor if anything is suspicious. It is important to be evaluated by a foot and ankle orthopaedic specialist with the breadth of training to determine an accurate diagnosis of your problem. Consideration of competing diagnoses, such as vitamin deficiencies, genetic conditions, or spinal or neurologic conditions are important for your successful care.
Contributors/Reviewers: Zachary Vaupel, MD; Hui Zhang, MD
The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) offers information on this site as an educational service. The content of FootCareMD, including text, images, and graphics, is for informational purposes only. The content is not intended to substitute for professional medical advice, diagnoses or treatments. If you need medical advice, use the "Find a Surgeon" search to locate a foot and ankle orthopaedic surgeon in your area.
